Programming

• Three-dimensional graphics and programs are used by architects in the initial phase of programming, where a structure's use and required spaces are formally defined for the architect and client. The architects and programmers create 3D block diagrams that show how the rooms and spaces of a structure will be organized and stacked. Essentially, block diagrams are the initial diagrammatic design of the building. To produce these graphics, architects often use CAD or Photoshop and Illustrator's 3D tools. The graphics are usually color coded and provide the necessary information for the architect to proceed to schematic design of the structure.
  
  

Schematic Design

• Schematic design requires the architect to produce 3D computer graphics and models showing initial building designs for the client to review. Because most people are not able to fully understand plans, sections, and elevations, architects produce three-dimensional representations such as perspectives, isometrics, computer models and walkthroughs. Most architects use the basic 3D tools in CAD and BIM applications to produce the schematic designs. Furthermore, the architect will add textures and materials to help convey the atmosphere and character of a structure.
  
  

Design Development

• The design development phase in architecture requires the architect to test and specify building elements, spaces and methods of construction. In this phase, the architect uses BIM programs to model the developing structure and test its structural and environmental capacities. The 3D models are virtual constructions of the proposed structures, and the architect can experiment and test the structure in special conditions, such as heavy snow, extreme temperature ranges and flooding, as well as monitor the projected energy use and carbon footprints of the structure.
  
  

Contract Documents

• Most architects use a BIM model to produce the final design and drawings for the contract documents phase. Because the building is modeled with BIM, a great deal of time is saved in documenting different plans, sections and elevations of the structure -- the model quickly produces the necessary two-dimensional drawings. Some complicated aspects of the design may be documented with 3D drawings taken from the BIM model, and most large projects now require a BIM model from the various building disciplines -- including architects, engineers and contractors -- to view any conflicts in the construction of the architectural design.
  
  

Post-Occupancy Evaluation and Facility Management

• After the project is finished, many institutions, such as hospitals and universities, use sensors and monitors overlaid on 3D graphics to test the effectiveness of the completed structure and its interior spaces. Furthermore, most contemporary facility management departments use BIM models or 3D CAD drawings to inventory space use.
  
  Architectural 3D graphics and models allow users to convey and understand building information better than previously used spreadsheets and ledgers. This is because the information is expressed visually, rather than using columns and rows of data.