Diabetic Muscle Infarction: A Systematic Review
Of the 126 initial cases of DMI reported in the literature, 68 occurred in females (54%). The mean age of presentation for all cases was 44.6 years (20–67), though mean age did vary by diabetes type. The mean age of presentation for patients with type 1 DM (T1DM) was 35.9 (20–65) years, while the mean age for those with type 2 DM (T2DM) was 52.2 (34–67) years. A total of 108 cases reported diabetes type at the time of diagnosis. Of those 108 cases, 54 (50%) had T2DM while 45 (41.7%) had T1DM. The mean DM duration at the time of DMI diagnosis was 18.9 (5–33) years for T1DM and 11.0 (1–25) years for T2DM. HbA1c values were reported at the time of DMI diagnosis in 51 cases and mean value was 9.34% (5–21). Of the 126 cases, a total of 117 referenced known diabetic complications at the time of diagnosis. Fifty-five cases (46.6%) had concurrent retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Seventy-seven cases (65.8%) had at least two complications, indicating that DMI is often seen in patients with advanced diabetes. The most common microvascular complication associated with DMI is nephropathy, present in 75% of DMI cases.
Patient Characteristics
Of the 126 initial cases of DMI reported in the literature, 68 occurred in females (54%). The mean age of presentation for all cases was 44.6 years (20–67), though mean age did vary by diabetes type. The mean age of presentation for patients with type 1 DM (T1DM) was 35.9 (20–65) years, while the mean age for those with type 2 DM (T2DM) was 52.2 (34–67) years. A total of 108 cases reported diabetes type at the time of diagnosis. Of those 108 cases, 54 (50%) had T2DM while 45 (41.7%) had T1DM. The mean DM duration at the time of DMI diagnosis was 18.9 (5–33) years for T1DM and 11.0 (1–25) years for T2DM. HbA1c values were reported at the time of DMI diagnosis in 51 cases and mean value was 9.34% (5–21). Of the 126 cases, a total of 117 referenced known diabetic complications at the time of diagnosis. Fifty-five cases (46.6%) had concurrent retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Seventy-seven cases (65.8%) had at least two complications, indicating that DMI is often seen in patients with advanced diabetes. The most common microvascular complication associated with DMI is nephropathy, present in 75% of DMI cases.
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