Childhood Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI]-General Information
Childhood Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI] Guide
The age of onset of liver cancer in children is related to tumor histology. Hepatoblastomas usually occur before the age of 3 years, and approximately 90% of malignant liver tumors in children aged 4 years and younger are hepatoblastomas.[8]
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States is 0.8 in children between the ages of 0 and 14 years and 1.5 in adolescents aged 15 to 19 years per year per 1 million.[3] In several Asian countries, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children is 10 times more than that in North America. The high incidence appears to be related to the incidence of perinatally acquired hepatitis B, which can be prevented in most cases by vaccination and administration of hepatitis B immune globulin to the newborn.[9]
The overall 5-year survival rate for children with hepatoblastoma is 70%.[10,11,12] Neonates with hepatoblastoma have comparable outcomes to older children up to age 5 years.[13] The overall 5-year survival rate is 42% for those with hepatocellular carcinoma.[3] The 5-year survival for hepatocellular carcinoma may be dependent on stage; in an Intergroup chemotherapy study conducted in the 1990s, seven of eight stage I patients survived and less than 10% of stage III and IV patients survived.[3,14]
Risk factors
Risk factors associated with hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma are described in Table 1.
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and hemihyperplasia
The incidence of hepatoblastoma is increased 1,000-fold to 10,000-fold in infants and children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.[17,18] Hepatoblastoma is also increased in hemihypertrophy, now termed hemihyperplasia, a condition that results in asymmetry between the right and left side of the body when a body part grows faster than normal.[31,32]
Childhood Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI] - General Information
Childhood Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI] Guide
- General Information
- Cellular Classification
- Stage Information
- Treatment Option Overview
- Treatment of Hepatoblastoma
- Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- Treatment of Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma of the Liver
- Treatment of Infantile Choriocarcinoma of the Liver
- Treatment of Recurrent Childhood Liver Cancer
- Current Clinical Trials
- Changes to This Summary (09 / 08 / 2014)
- About This PDQ Summary
- Get More Information From NCI
The age of onset of liver cancer in children is related to tumor histology. Hepatoblastomas usually occur before the age of 3 years, and approximately 90% of malignant liver tumors in children aged 4 years and younger are hepatoblastomas.[8]
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States is 0.8 in children between the ages of 0 and 14 years and 1.5 in adolescents aged 15 to 19 years per year per 1 million.[3] In several Asian countries, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children is 10 times more than that in North America. The high incidence appears to be related to the incidence of perinatally acquired hepatitis B, which can be prevented in most cases by vaccination and administration of hepatitis B immune globulin to the newborn.[9]
The overall 5-year survival rate for children with hepatoblastoma is 70%.[10,11,12] Neonates with hepatoblastoma have comparable outcomes to older children up to age 5 years.[13] The overall 5-year survival rate is 42% for those with hepatocellular carcinoma.[3] The 5-year survival for hepatocellular carcinoma may be dependent on stage; in an Intergroup chemotherapy study conducted in the 1990s, seven of eight stage I patients survived and less than 10% of stage III and IV patients survived.[3,14]
Risk factors
Risk factors associated with hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma are described in Table 1.
Table 1. Risk Factors Associated With Hepatoblastoma and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
| Associated Disorder | Hepatoblastoma | Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
|---|---|---|
| Aicardi syndrome[15] | X | |
| Alagille syndrome[16] | X | |
| Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome[17,18] | X | |
| Familial adenomatous polyposis[19,20,21] | X | |
| Glycogen storage diseases I-IV[22] | X | X |
| Hepatitis B and C[23,24,25] | X | |
| Low-birth-weight infants[5,6,7,26] | X | |
| Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis[27,28] | X | |
| Trisomy 18, other trisomies[29] | X | |
| Tyrosinemia[30] | X |
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and hemihyperplasia
The incidence of hepatoblastoma is increased 1,000-fold to 10,000-fold in infants and children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.[17,18] Hepatoblastoma is also increased in hemihypertrophy, now termed hemihyperplasia, a condition that results in asymmetry between the right and left side of the body when a body part grows faster than normal.[31,32]
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