What Are Two Inequalities About Population Size?

Vertical Inequality

Vertical inequality, also called "inequality between persons," is based on the individual's own capability and social status. For example, even if person A has the same bachelor's degree as person B, person B can earn more money than person A because he graduated from a recognized university. The vertical inequality among individuals often pertains to a person's income opportunities.

Horizontal Inequality, also called "inequality among subgroups," is a type of inequality arising from being a member of a group, and not as an individual. Groups can be very large or small depending on the population size. For example, males and females can be separated into two groups, and can be further subdivided into males living in rural and urban areas. People are grouped according to their social background. Most members of groups cannot easily change this status.

Vertical and horizontal inequalities are social phenomena existing in human societies. An example of a vertical inequality might be two workers doing the same job, but having different salaries. The reason why one is paid more than the other is either because the person performs well, the person has a proven track record or the person has more connections within the company.

Generally, horizontal inequality can be more obvious. For example, working in an urban area pays more than working in a rural one, because of the cost of living; as a group, men also earn more than women for the same job.

The word "inequality" immediately calls to mind "injustice," and in some cases these two words are congruent to each other; however, there are several examples of inequality not being negative. An example might be a person who outperforms other workers --- he deserves a reward. Horizontal inequalities tend to be more sensitive issues, as horizontal inequalities can include race, religion, sexual orientation and culture differences. These individuals can often feel oppressed when suffering from inequalities.