Society & Culture & Entertainment Education

Guidance About Current Affairs and General Knowledge

In this era of highly mobile equity and volatile capital markets, there are three key facts of life that are forcing current affairs companies and boards of directors to adopt higher ethical standards when it comes to how they are governed--in essence driving the corporate world toward a set of international governance standards.
ï,§ US INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS Compared to the rest of the world, US institutional investors are truly the big kids on the block. US institutional investments dwarf those for all other countries, giving the type of corporate governance activism and demands for greater transparency in financial dealings that are common in the United States great potential influence over global investments and companies.
ï,§ SOPHISTICATED TRANSNATIONAL INVESTORS Companies participating in global equity markets are increasingly encountering transnational investors who are evaluating their performance according to an evolving set of global governance standards.
ï,§ BROAD EQUITY PARTICIPATION The "old boy network" of cross holdings and closely-held shares common outside of the United States is dissolving. As major blocks of these once closely-held shares are unwound in favor of broader equity participation, minority shareholders are insisting that their position must be improved in regard to fairness of voting rights and ability to provide appropriate input to management.

At the turn of the century, the US economic model resembled current models in Germany, France and Japan. Capital expansion was accomplished with the expansion and the idea about general knowledge retained earnings, loans from a closely-knit banking community and through substantial long-term equity raised via extensive and virtually permanent corporate cross-shareholdings. Gradually, the US developed a broad and highly liquid equity market with dispersed ownership. This model is now being emulated around the world as countries rely more on equity market expansion in place of traditional patterns of highly concentrated ownership among founders, families, or small numbers of dominant institutional or corporate shareholders.
In the US and the UK, institutional investors have long held the lion's share of stock in the largest 25 corporations (57.2 percent and 57.7 percent, respectively). By comparison, the largest 25 companies in France, Germany and Japan have much less ownership by such institutional investors and a greater amount is closely held by banks and other corporations with direct links to the firm. But the situation is changing rapidly.
ï,§ In France, closely held ownership is close to 30 percent.
ï,§ In Germany, closely held ownership is lower at 18 percent.
ï,§ In Japan, closely held ownership is even lower at 14 percent.
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