Physical Activity and Its Effects on Prostate Cancer
Follistatin, activin and inhibin are proteins that affect prostate growth and development and have been shown to influence the development of prostate cancer. The roles of these proteins and myostatin in prostate cancer development have not been fully elucidated. The available evidence has demonstrated the induction of growth arrest of prostate cancer cells by activin, regulation of prostate cancer cell growth or death indirectly through the regulation of energy metabolism by myostatin, growth inhibition of prostate cancer cells by inhibin and activin and regulation of apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by activin receptor. On the contrary, inhibin and follistatin promote progression of prostate cancer by antagonizing the antiproliferative effects of activin, promoting dissemination of tumor cells by follistatin and facilitation of prostate cancer cell proliferation by activin receptor. Although evidence is lacking on the effect of physical activity on these proteins in prostate cancer patients, studies carried out in healthy subjects have shown that physical activity increases plasma follistatin, decreases circulating inhibin and activin, decreases tissue and circulating myostatin and downregulates the expression of activin receptor in healthy subjects.
Summary
Follistatin, activin and inhibin are proteins that affect prostate growth and development and have been shown to influence the development of prostate cancer. The roles of these proteins and myostatin in prostate cancer development have not been fully elucidated. The available evidence has demonstrated the induction of growth arrest of prostate cancer cells by activin, regulation of prostate cancer cell growth or death indirectly through the regulation of energy metabolism by myostatin, growth inhibition of prostate cancer cells by inhibin and activin and regulation of apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by activin receptor. On the contrary, inhibin and follistatin promote progression of prostate cancer by antagonizing the antiproliferative effects of activin, promoting dissemination of tumor cells by follistatin and facilitation of prostate cancer cell proliferation by activin receptor. Although evidence is lacking on the effect of physical activity on these proteins in prostate cancer patients, studies carried out in healthy subjects have shown that physical activity increases plasma follistatin, decreases circulating inhibin and activin, decreases tissue and circulating myostatin and downregulates the expression of activin receptor in healthy subjects.
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